Places of interest - Bucharest  

The Romanian Village Museum

We don't have enough records that could show us the entire road that was walked until the concrete organizing of the museum. We know few context elements. It was in 1932 that the ample activity of hydro-amelioration for the regulation of the Colentina and Mostistea Rivers began. It was meant to create the chain of lakes from the northeastern part of the Capital-city, including the Herastrau Park. These works will reach to an end in 1937.

The idea of such an institution is based on Frederic le Play and his school's theory on a so-called "social museum". But it was not intended to have an "ethnographic" character, this one being the measure of the material culture of a given collectivity. A plan of this "social museum" was drawn simultaneously. It included:
1)a central pavilion showing the social past, present and future of the country in graphic synthesis, using the statistic data gathered in the research activities;
2) an open-air museum "that was not meant to show a row of open-air crowded houses, but the unique image of a real village, with its lanes, plantations, wells, open places";
3) the village of tomorrow should have been a model-village created by architects and sociologists and obeying the theories of their time.

The initial intended name for this institution was "The Romanian Village Museum" and the municipal administration of Bucharest, convinced by Professor D. Gusti, allotted an area of 4.5 hectares between the Kiseleff Avenue and the lake with the same name. The task of organizing the museum was assigned to H. H. Stahl and Victor Ion Popa, the latter one having the most difficult task, that of projecting this ensemble.



Here is what Victor Ion Popa – stage director, scenographer, dramaturgist and novelist – used to say about the "stage" as he named the future museum: "So, we have to stage an original play, never seen, never heard of: a living village. Let's write first its scenario… It's worthless to bring so many houses, the space allows 30 at the maximum…The museum, even a scientific one, is a work of art and art is simple and clear. Let's build up a Romanian village, with wide spaces… we give the public an illusion, more difficult to achieve than in theatre, because we don't have here a stage and a theatre hall, but a place that is at the same time stage and theatre hall. The public will walk through the scenery and everywhere he turns his eyes he must have the feeling that he is in the country, not in the squash of a row of show cases."
And in this way, rectifying, adding, permanently improving, the allotted area was filled with everything that had been identified during the eleven years of monographic activity. The objects' disassembling and re-assembling action could now start. And it was started at the beginning of March 1936 and two months later, on the 10th of May, the museum was officially inaugurated, simultaneously with the entire Herastrau Park and with the opening of the exhibition pavilions within the "Month of Bucharest City".

Luckily, those who disassembled and re-assembled the houses were the villages' builders. The best villager-builders came from each village. Their number reached 130. By the end of the activity 1,046 workers had helped on the site only at the peasant house-hold rising, without counting those who built a central museum belfry hall, or the town workers who organized the alleys, the lightning system etc. These workers worked for 5,729 days, the villager-builders 3,900 days, which leads to a total of 9,629 working days, that is around 25 years and 250 days. An impressive amount of work, an exceptional organizing and a proper patronage - The Royal Cultural Foundations, King Carol II himself came several times on the site to see the stage of the workings.

Later on, in 1964, there appeared the idea of building other such reservations of traditional architecture in Romania. Abstraction could not be made of the experience gained until that moment and provided by Professor Romulus Vuia, who created, fort the first time, the reservation from the Hoia Park (Cluj-Napoca). The results obtained in Bucharest represented a great help, too. Today, there are 16 architecture reservations functioning in Romania, many with character of area representation, two of them being consecrated to representative national aspects: The "Astra" Traditional Civilization Museum in Sibiu, concerned with the traditional techniques of the various occupations and jobs and The Fruit growing and Wine Growing Museum in Golesti, from Arges County, its concern being enhanced by its name. Since the Village Museum was taken as a model not only by similar institutions from our country but also by many foreign specialists, we shall briefly mention the principles that were at the base of the Bucharest open-air exhibition organizing process.
· The historic principle - is represented by the traditional inhabiting place in its spatial development, between the 17th century and the beginning of the 20th century;
· The geographic principle - a visit to the museum offers the comparative analysis of the traditional architecture, the monuments being grouped on historical provinces (Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia, Wallachia, Dobrudja and Moldavia);
· The principle of authenticity - all the buildings are original, disassembled piece by piece, transported in special conditions and re-assembled inside the museum. The re-building of the interiors generally obeyed a synthesis view, specific to the 19th century.
The access inside the house is made through the "tinda." This median room is rarely missing from a rural house the access being thus made directly from outside. If there were no administrative orders imposed to the rural communities the peasant would build his house facing the south, so that it should receive light during the entire day and be protect from the dominant winds and precipitations, which, in Romania, come from the northern and eastern sides of the country.

A characteristic constructive element of the traditional Romanian house is the porch, a supplementary space outside the plan proper of the house but under its roof. The porch can be constructed only in front of the house or be placed on 2 -3 or on its four sides. There are three reasons that explain this supplementary space: 1. Protects the walls of the house from the immediate contact with the humidity caused by precipitations, which are richer in the hill and mountain areas; 2. Increases the inhabiting space as during summer many of the house-hold activities can take place there: the weaving loom can be placed there or it might just as well serve for sleeping place during the quiet and hot summer nights; 3. It represents a buffer space between the family and the natural environments, making the passing from one reality to the other.
The porch may be fully open, the roof being sustained by pillars, or it can be half-closed. In this case the wooden pieces from between the pillars are shaped by fretwork or sculpture. In all the case though, the decorative elements of the porch and of the front side from under the eaves, together with the volumetric disposition of the house indicate the special plasticity of the Romanian traditional architecture.

Without getting into details we add that the interior of a peasant room is structured in four parts with ample signification, according to their destination: 1. The corner with the fireplace - place by excellence of the woman and bearing a great number of beliefs because of the permanent presence of the fire; 2. The corner with the bed - place of intimacy or the place where the best textile pieces of the household are gathered; 3. The corner or the place of the table, the entire family gathering around it; 4. The corner behind the door considered being a place haunted by ghosts.

At the present moment the exhibition has 76 distinct complexes, with a total of 322 constructions (47 dwellings, household dependencies, 3 wooden churches, 3 windmills, technical installations that use the force of the water etc.) The Village Museum had a troubled history. The Elisabeth Palace began to be built in 1937 and in order to clear the place for this site, some buildings brought from Caliacra, Basarabia, an installation for preparing and preserving the fish from the Danube Delta and circa 6 wind mills from Dobrudja were removed. Nobody re-assembled them; then the change of the country's borders imposed a reducing of the exhibition area. Finally, the museum lost from its name even the adjective "Romanian" because the cultural authorities of that time considered that this word might exclude the policy of good interethnic co-habitation that was promoted by the communist state, a fact that had been there for hundreds of years in the, anyway, Romanian village.