Here
is what Victor Ion Popa – stage director, scenographer, dramaturgist
and novelist – used to say about the "stage" as he named
the future museum: "So, we have to stage an original play,
never seen, never heard of: a living village. Let's write first
its scenario… It's worthless to bring so many houses, the space
allows 30 at the maximum…The museum, even a scientific one, is
a work of art and art is simple and clear. Let's build up a Romanian
village, with wide spaces… we give the public an illusion, more
difficult to achieve than in theatre, because we don't have here
a stage and a theatre hall, but a place that is at the same time
stage and theatre hall. The public will walk through the scenery
and everywhere he turns his eyes he must have the feeling that
he is in the country, not in the squash of a row of show cases."
And in this way, rectifying, adding, permanently improving, the
allotted area was filled with everything that had been identified
during the eleven years of monographic activity. The objects'
disassembling and re-assembling action could now start. And it
was started at the beginning of March 1936 and two months later,
on the 10th of May, the museum was officially inaugurated, simultaneously
with the entire Herastrau Park and with the opening of the exhibition
pavilions within the "Month of Bucharest City".
Luckily, those who disassembled
and re-assembled the houses were the villages' builders. The best
villager-builders came from each village. Their number reached
130. By the end of the activity 1,046 workers had helped on the
site only at the peasant house-hold rising, without counting those
who built a central museum belfry hall, or the town workers who
organized the alleys, the lightning system etc. These workers
worked for 5,729 days, the villager-builders 3,900 days, which
leads to a total of 9,629 working days, that is around 25 years
and 250 days. An impressive amount of work, an exceptional organizing
and a proper patronage - The Royal Cultural Foundations, King
Carol II himself came several times on the site to see the stage
of the workings.
Later on, in 1964, there appeared the idea of building other such
reservations of traditional architecture in Romania. Abstraction
could not be made of the experience gained until that moment and
provided by Professor Romulus Vuia, who created, fort the first
time, the reservation from the Hoia Park (Cluj-Napoca). The results
obtained in Bucharest represented a great help, too. Today, there
are 16 architecture reservations functioning in Romania, many
with character of area representation, two of them being consecrated
to representative national aspects: The "Astra" Traditional
Civilization Museum in Sibiu, concerned with the traditional techniques
of the various occupations and jobs and The Fruit growing and
Wine Growing Museum in Golesti, from Arges County, its concern
being enhanced by its name. Since the Village Museum was taken
as a model not only by similar institutions from our country but
also by many foreign specialists, we shall briefly mention the
principles that were at the base of the Bucharest open-air exhibition
organizing process.
· The historic principle - is represented by the traditional inhabiting
place in its spatial development, between the 17th century and
the beginning of the 20th century;
· The geographic principle - a visit to the museum offers the
comparative analysis of the traditional architecture, the monuments
being grouped on historical provinces (Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia,
Wallachia, Dobrudja and Moldavia);
· The principle of authenticity - all the buildings are original,
disassembled piece by piece, transported in special conditions
and re-assembled inside the museum. The re-building of the interiors
generally obeyed a synthesis view, specific to the 19th century.
The access inside the house is made through the "tinda."
This median room is rarely missing from a rural house the access
being thus made directly from outside. If there were no administrative
orders imposed to the rural communities the peasant would build
his house facing the south, so that it should receive light during
the entire day and be protect from the dominant winds and precipitations,
which, in Romania, come from the northern and eastern sides of
the country.
A characteristic constructive
element of the traditional Romanian house is the porch, a supplementary
space outside the plan proper of the house but under its roof.
The porch can be constructed only in front of the house or be
placed on 2 -3 or on its four sides. There are three reasons that
explain this supplementary space: 1. Protects the walls of the
house from the immediate contact with the humidity caused by precipitations,
which are richer in the hill and mountain areas; 2. Increases
the inhabiting space as during summer many of the house-hold activities
can take place there: the weaving loom can be placed there or
it might just as well serve for sleeping place during the quiet
and hot summer nights; 3. It represents a buffer space between
the family and the natural environments, making the passing from
one reality to the other.
The porch may be fully open, the roof being sustained by pillars,
or it can be half-closed. In this case the wooden pieces from
between the pillars are shaped by fretwork or sculpture. In all
the case though, the decorative elements of the porch and of the
front side from under the eaves, together with the volumetric
disposition of the house indicate the special plasticity of the
Romanian traditional architecture.
Without getting into details
we add that the interior of a peasant room is structured in four
parts with ample signification, according to their destination:
1. The corner with the fireplace - place by excellence of the
woman and bearing a great number of beliefs because of the permanent
presence of the fire; 2. The corner with the bed - place of intimacy
or the place where the best textile pieces of the household are
gathered; 3. The corner or the place of the table, the entire
family gathering around it; 4. The corner behind the door considered
being a place haunted by ghosts.
At the present moment the exhibition has 76 distinct complexes,
with a total of 322 constructions (47 dwellings, household dependencies,
3 wooden churches, 3 windmills, technical installations that use
the force of the water etc.) The Village Museum had a troubled
history. The Elisabeth Palace began to be built in 1937 and in
order to clear the place for this site, some buildings brought
from Caliacra, Basarabia, an installation for preparing and preserving
the fish from the Danube Delta and circa 6 wind mills from Dobrudja
were removed. Nobody re-assembled them; then the change of the
country's borders imposed a reducing of the exhibition area. Finally,
the museum lost from its name even the adjective "Romanian"
because the cultural authorities of that time considered that
this word might exclude the policy of good interethnic co-habitation
that was promoted by the communist state, a fact that had been
there for hundreds of years in the, anyway, Romanian village.
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